{"id":29475,"date":"2010-12-18T21:43:34","date_gmt":"2010-12-19T02:43:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bibula.com\/?p=29475"},"modified":"2010-12-18T21:43:34","modified_gmt":"2010-12-19T02:43:34","slug":"co-z-tymi-kontrolerami-lotu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bibula.com\/?p=29475","title":{"rendered":"Co z tymi kontrolerami lotu?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Przegl\u0105da\u0142em ostatnio kolejny raz podr\u0119cznik &#8222;\u00d0\u201d\u00d0\u02dc\u00d0\u00d0\u0090\u00d0\u0153\u00d0\u02dc\u00d0\u0161\u00d0\u0090 \u00d0\u0178\u00d0\u017e\u00d0\u203a\u00d0\u2022\u00d0\u00a2\u00d0\u0090 \u00d0\u02dc \u00d0\u0178\u00d0\u02dc\u00d0\u203a\u00d0\u017e\u00d0\u00a2\u00d0\u02dc\u00d0\u00a0\u00d0\u017e\u00d0\u2019\u00d0\u0090\u00d0\u00d0\u02dc\u00d0\u2022 \u00d0\u00a1\u00d0\u0090\u00d0\u0153\u00d0\u017e\u00d0\u203a\u00d0\u2022\u00d0\u00a2\u00d0\u0090 \u00d0\u00a2\u00d1\u0192-154&#8221;, autorstwa\u00d0\u0090.  \u00d0\u02dc. \u00d0\u0178\u00d0\u00af\u00d0\u00a2\u00d0\u02dc\u00d0\u00d0\u0090 . Znalaz\u0142em tam ciekawy opis katastrofy lotniczej, s\u0105dz\u0119, \u017ce  wykazuj\u0105cy du\u017ce podobie\u0144stwo do oficjalnego przebiegu wydarze\u0144 w  Smole\u0144sku.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>W  ksi\u0105\u017cce wskazane jest na wa\u017cn\u0105 cech\u0119 Tu-154 &#8211; silne powi\u0105zanie re\u017cimu  pracy silnik\u00f3w z balansem samolotu. Zmniejszenie ci\u0105gu prowadzi do  pojawienia si\u0119 &#8222;momentu pikowania&#8221; (&#8221; \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u20ac\u00d1\u0192\u00d1\u017d\u00d1\u2030\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00be \u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b0&#8221; &#8211; nie do  ko\u0144ca wiem jak to przet\u0142umaczy\u0107 na polski) kieruj\u0105cego samolot w d\u00f3\u0142. W  powi\u0105zaniu z w\u0142\u0105czonym automatem ci\u0105gu, maj\u0105cym za zadanie utrzymywanie  zadanej pr\u0119dko\u015bci post\u0119powej, powoduje to powstanie dodatniego  sprz\u0119\u017cenia zwrotnego przy zwi\u0119kszeniu przez pilota pr\u0119dko\u015bci zni\u017cania.  Wzrost tej pr\u0119dko\u015bci prowadzi do wzrostu pr\u0119dko\u015bci post\u0119powej, to  usi\u0142uje skorygowa\u0107 automat ci\u0105gu zmniejszaj\u0105c moc silnik\u00f3w, przez co  pojawia si\u0119 &#8222;moment pikowania&#8221;, to zwi\u0119ksza pr\u0119dko\u015b\u0107 zni\u017cania i tak w  k\u00f3\u0142ko. Zjawisko to  mo\u017ce mie\u0107 zwi\u0105zek z sytuacj\u0105 w Smole\u0144sku, poniewa\u017c piloci, otrzymuj\u0105c od  kontrolera b\u0142\u0119dne informacje o odleg\u0142o\u015bci od pasa, bli\u017cszej ni\u017c w  rzeczywisto\u015bci, mieli wra\u017cenie, \u017ce znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 nad \u015bcie\u017ck\u0105 podej\u015bcia.  Mog\u0142o to ich motywowa\u0107 do chwilowego zwi\u0119kszenia pr\u0119dko\u015bci pionowej, by  skorygowa\u0107 to odchylenie.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Teraz,  \u017ceby by\u0142o jasne &#8211; to, \u017ce o tym pisz\u0119, nie znaczy, \u017ce twierdz\u0119, i\u017c tak  by\u0142o. Raczej zdaje mi si\u0119, \u017ce jeste\u015bmy naprowadzani na tak\u0105 wersj\u0119  wydarze\u0144. Niedawno J.Osiecki, reklamuj\u0105c swojego gniota, powtarzaj\u0105cego  wszystkie tezy obecne w propagandzie od kwietnia, wyrazi\u0142 opini\u0119 (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.orange.pl\/kid,4000000150,id,4000460978,title,Piloci-Tu154-uczyli-sie-latac-jeden-od-drugiego,article.html\">tu<\/a>),  \u017ce piloci nie czytali instrukcji, tylko uczyli si\u0119 &#8222;jeden od drugiego&#8221;.  Wskaza\u0142 nawet na ten sam podr\u0119cznik, o kt\u00f3rym ja pisz\u0119 (przekr\u0119caj\u0105c  przy tym nazwisko autora). Mog\u0119 sobie wyobrazi\u0107 tak\u0105 sytuacj\u0119, \u017ce  Rosjanie pokazali mu jaki\u015b opis w ksi\u0105\u017cce, by\u0107 mo\u017ce nawet zawarty w tej  notce, by udowodni\u0107 b\u0142\u0119dy pope\u0142nione przez za\u0142og\u0119. Przy tym, wersja ta  jest bardzo wygodna dla Rosjan, niby kontrolerzy si\u0119 troch\u0119 mylili, ale  wina le\u017cy po stronie pilot\u00f3w &#8211; i ci\u0119\u017cko b\u0119dzie oponowa\u0107, analogiczna  sytuacja jest opisana w podr\u0119czniku ze wskazaniem &#8222;oszibek&#8221; za\u0142ogi. I  zamieszanie z wycofywaniem zezna\u0144 kontroler\u00f3w r\u00f3wnie\u017c nie wzi\u0119\u0142o si\u0119  znik\u0105d, kieruje nasz\u0105 uwag\u0119 na ich dzia\u0142ania. Co o tym s\u0105dz\u0119, napisa\u0142em  we <a href=\"http:\/\/tommy.lee.salon24.pl\/216405,jak-uziemic-samolot-najlepsze-sposoby\">wcze\u015bniejszej notce<\/a>,  wi\u0119c nie b\u0119d\u0119 si\u0119 powtarza\u0142. Czy wydaje si\u0119 Wam prawdopodobne, by  Rosjanie nie\u015bwiadomie zostawili \u015blady wskazuj\u0105ce niedwuznacznie na  wadliw\u0105 prac\u0119 kontroler\u00f3w?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na koniec, opis rzeczonej katastrofy z podr\u0119cznika, najpierw moje streszczenie, a p\u00f3\u017aniej w oryginale.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote><p><em>Przed  podej\u015bciem do l\u0105dowania zosta\u0142a nieprawid\u0142owo wyznaczona masa samolotu  78 ton podczas gdy prawdziwa wynosi\u0142a 80280 kg. Spowodowa\u0142o to  niew\u0142a\u015bciwe obliczenie pr\u0119dko\u015bci post\u0119powej podej\u015bcia na Vref=265 km\/h,  mniejszej od wymaganej o co najmniej 5 km\/h (Vref&gt;= 270 km\/h).  Podej\u015bcie by\u0142o wykonywane na autopilocie z w\u0142\u0105czonym kana\u0142em pod\u0142u\u017cnym i  poprzecznym oraz automatem ci\u0105gu. W czasie wej\u015bcia samolotu na \u015bcie\u017ck\u0119  podej\u015bcia pr\u0119dko\u015b\u0107 pionowa zni\u017cania wynosi\u0142a 6-7 m\/s. Dow\u00f3dca statku  powietrznego, bior\u0105c wolant na siebie, zmniejszy\u0142 pr\u0119dko\u015b\u0107 pionow\u0105 do 4  m\/s. W odleg\u0142o\u015bci 6 km od pocz\u0105tku pasa samolot znajdowa\u0142 si\u0119 na \u015bcie\u017cce  podej\u015bcia. Przelot nad dalsz\u0105 radiolatarni\u0105 nast\u0105pi\u0142 18 m powy\u017cej  \u015bcie\u017cki z powodu zmniejszenia pr\u0119dko\u015bci pionowej do 3 m\/s. Dla  skorygowania tej sytuacji, pr\u0119dko\u015b\u0107 zni\u017cania zosta\u0142a zwi\u0119kszona do 5  m\/s. Spowodowa\u0142o to wzrost pr\u0119dko\u015bci post\u0119powej do 275 km\/h i podanie na  automat ci\u0105gu sygna\u0142u do zmniejszenie re\u017cimu pracy silnik\u00f3w z 79 do  53%. Zmniejszenie ci\u0105gu silnik\u00f3w doprowadzi\u0142o z kolei do powstania  dodatkowego &#8222;momentu pikowania&#8221; i wzrostu pr\u0119dko\u015bci pionowej do 8 m\/s.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>21  sekund do katastrofy samolot znajdowa\u0142 si\u0119 na wysoko\u015bci 120m i w  odleg\u0142o\u015bci 2 km od pocz\u0105tku pasa lotniska, maj\u0105c: pr\u0119dko\u015b\u0107 post\u0119pow\u0105 273  km\/h, ustawienie steru wysoko\u015bci \u00ce\u00b4\u00d0\u00b2 = -14\u00b0, Vy=5,5 m\/s. Dla  zmniejszenia pr\u0119dko\u015bci pionowej pilot zwi\u0119kszy\u0142 wychylenie steru  wysoko\u015bci do \u00ce\u00b4\u00d0\u00b2 = \u201d\u201d21\u00b0. Mimo tego, nie nast\u0105pi\u0142a zmiana toru lotu z  powodu: ma\u0142ego ci\u0105gu silnik\u00f3w i zwi\u0105zanego z tym &#8222;momentu pikowania&#8221;,  spadku pr\u0119dko\u015bci post\u0119powej do 261 km\/h i zmniejszenia efektywno\u015bci  dzia\u0142ania steru wysoko\u015bci dla k\u0105ta wi\u0119kszego ni\u017c 20 stopni.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Na  12 sekund do katastrofy, dow\u00f3dca statku powietrznego, widz\u0105c, \u017ce  samolot schodzi pod \u015bcie\u017ck\u0119 i pr\u0119dko\u015b\u0107 pionowa si\u0119ga 7 m\/s, energicznym  poci\u0105gni\u0119ciem wolantu do siebie przestawi\u0142 ster wysoko\u015bci na maksymalne  wychylenie 29 stopni. Nie zmieni\u0142o to jednak praktycznie k\u0105ta nachylenia  i pr\u0119dko\u015bci pionowej. Na 8 sekund do przyziemienia pojawi\u0142 si\u0119 sygna\u0142  d\u017awi\u0119kowy niebezpiecznej wysoko\u015bci. Dow\u00f3dca przestawi\u0142 silniki na moc  startow\u0105 i da\u0142 komend\u0119 o odej\u015bciu na drugi kr\u0105g. Samolot w tym momencie  znajdowa\u0142 si\u0119 na wysoko\u015bci 30 m w stosunku do poziomu pasa i 55 m nad  pod\u0142o\u017cem. Podj\u0119te dzia\u0142ania nie przerwa\u0142y zni\u017cania i samolot z  pr\u0119dko\u015bci\u0105 post\u0119pow\u0105 275 km\/h i pionow\u0105 4-5 m\/s uderzy\u0142 w ziemi\u0119 470  metr\u00f3w od pocz\u0105tku pasa.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><br class=\"spacer_\" \/><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u00d0\u0178\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b4 \u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u2026\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00ba\u00d1\u0192 \u00d1\u008d\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bc \u00d0\u00bf\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u2039 \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b1\u00d1\u2026\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bc\u00d1\u2039\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u2039 \u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b9<\/em> <em>\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u2039 78\u00d1\u201a (VREF= 265\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00bc\/\u00d1\u2021,\u00ce\u00b4\u00d0\u00b2 = 45\u00b0,\u00ce\u00b4\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a = \u201d\u201d5,5\u00b0,\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u008f \u00d1\u2020\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00a5\u00d1\u201a = 20,5%\u00d0\u00a1\u00d0\u0090\u00d0\u00a5).<\/em><em>\u00d0\u00a4\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00ba\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u008f\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b0 80280\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00b3,\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d1\u2020\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b1\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u0152\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be 17 %<\/em><em>\u00d0\u00a1\u00d0\u0090\u00d0\u00a5,\u00d1\u2021\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00be \u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b1\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00be \u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8 \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be \u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bc \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0 5\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00bc\/\u00d1\u2021,\u00d1\u201a.\u00d0\u00b5. VREF\u00e2\u2030\u00a5<\/em><em>270\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00bc\/\u00d1\u2021.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u00d0\u2014\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u2026\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b4 \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00ba\u00d1\u0192 \u00d0\u00b2\u00d1\u2039\u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u008f\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00b2 \u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b2\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc \u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d1\u0081 \u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u0152\u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bc \u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b2\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u008f\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00b8.<\/em> <em>\u00d0\u0178\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5 4-\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00be \u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u20ac \u00d0\u2019\u00d0\u00a1 \u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u017d\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bb \u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b2\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00ba\u00d1\u0192\u00d1\u017d \u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b1\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u2020\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u017d \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be \u00d0\u00bf\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u0152\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d1\u0192 \u00d0\u00b8 \u00d0\u00b1\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d1\u0192 \u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bc.\u00d0\u0153\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u2026\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00bc \u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00b1\u00d1\u2039\u00d0\u00bb \u00d1\u0192\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd \u00d0\u00b2 \u00d0\u00ba\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b9\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b1\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00b8 \u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00b2 \u00d1\u008d\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b8 \u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00be \u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u2020\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b0.\u00d0\u2014\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u2026\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b4 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00b2 \u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00ba\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc \u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u00d0\u00a7\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b7 10\u00d1\u0081 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b8 \u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b4\u00d1\u2039 \u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u20ac \u00d0\u2019\u00d0\u00a1 \u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb \u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b4\u00d1\u0192 \u00d1\u0192\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u0152<\/em> <em>\u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc \u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b2\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u008f\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00b8 \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u0152 265\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00bc\/\u00d1\u2021.\u00d0\u00a1 \u00d1\u0192\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc \u00d1\u201e\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00ba\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b9 \u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u2039 \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u008f<\/em> <em>\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u0152 \u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00b1\u00d1\u2039\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u008f\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u0152 270\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00bc\/\u00d1\u2021.\u00d0\u201d\u00d0\u00be \u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f 2\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00bc \u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u201a \u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d1\u2020\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u2019\u00d0\u0178\u00d0\u0178 \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u0152<\/em> <em>\u00d0\u00b2\u00d1\u2039\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u0152 273\u201d\u201d275\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00bc\/\u00d1\u2021,\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u0152\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u008f \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u0152 \u00d0\u00b2 \u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u201a 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\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00ba\u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u0152\u00d1\u02c6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f \u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b1\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u2039 \u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b9.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u00d0\u2014\u00d0\u00b0 21\u00d1\u0081 \u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00be \u00d0\u00bf\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u02c6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u201a \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u2026\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00b2\u00d1\u2039\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b5 120\u00d0\u00bc \u00d0\u00b8 \u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b8 2\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00bc \u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u201a \u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d1\u2020\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u2019\u00d0\u0178\u00d0\u0178<\/em> <em>\u00d0\u00b8 \u00d0\u00b2\u00d1\u2039\u00d1\u02c6\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b4\u00d1\u2039 \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0 10\u00d0\u00bc,\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u008f V\u00d0\u00bf\u00d1\u20ac = 273\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00bc\/\u00d1\u2021,\u00d0\u00b1\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d0\u00a0\u00d0\u2019 \u00ce\u00b4\u00d0\u00b2 = \u201d\u201d14\u00b0\u00d0\u00b8 Vy =<\/em>\u201d\u201d<em>5,5\u00d0\u00bc\/\u00d1\u0081.\u00d0\u201d\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00b1\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00be \u00d0\u00b2\u00d1\u2026\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00b2 \u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b4\u00d1\u0192 \u00d0\u00b8 \u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u0152\u00d1\u02c6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u20ac\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u0152\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b9 \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8 \u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u20ac<\/em> <em>\u00d0\u2019\u00d0\u00a1 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be \u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bb \u00d0\u00a0\u00d0\u2019 \u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u20ac\u00d1\u2026 \u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00be \u00ce\u00b4\u00d0\u00b2 = \u201d\u201d21\u00b0 (7\u00b0\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u201a \u00d0\u00b1\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00be \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f).\u00d0\u017e\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be<\/em> <em>\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b1\u00d1\u2026\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b3\u00d1\u20ac\u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d0\u00b1\u00d1\u2039\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0,\u00d0\u00b8 \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u201a \u00d0\u00b2\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b4\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b9\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u20ac\u00d1\u0192\u00d1\u017d\u00d1\u2030\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00be<\/em> <em>\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b7-\u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u0152\u00d1\u02c6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f \u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b1\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u2039 \u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b9 \u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00be 53 %,\u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u0152\u00d1\u02c6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00be 261\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00bc\/\u00d1\u2021 \u00d0\u00b8 \u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u0152\u00d1\u02c6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f \u00d1\u008d\u00d1\u201e\u00d1\u201e\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00ba\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8 \u00d0\u00a0\u00d0\u2019 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b8 \u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00be \u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b8 \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb \u00d0\u00b1\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b5 20\u00d0\u00be \u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u20ac\u00d1\u2026,\u00d0\u00bf\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00ba\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00b8 \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bb \u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00ba\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u017d \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00be \u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u00d0\u0161 \u00d0\u00b2\u00d1\u2039\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b5 90\u00d0\u00bc \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u201a \u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bb V\u00d0\u00bf\u00d1\u20ac = 261\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00bc\/\u00d1\u2021,\u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u0192\u00d1\u017d \u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u201e\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b3\u00d1\u0192\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u2020\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u017d \u00d0\u00b8 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b5.\u00d0\u00d0\u00b0 12-\u00d0\u00b9 \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00ba\u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b5,\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b4\u00d1\u008f,\u00d1\u2021\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00be \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u201a \u00d1\u0192\u00d1\u2026\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u201a \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b4 \u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b4\u00d1\u0192,\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u20ac\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u0152\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u008f \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u0152 \u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b0 7\u00d0\u00bc\/\u00d1\u0081,\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u20ac \u00d0\u2019\u00d0\u00a1 \u00d1\u008d\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u2039\u00d0\u00bc \u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b7\u00d1\u008f\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bc \u00d1\u02c6\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u0192\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b1\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bb \u00d0\u00a0\u00d0\u2019 \u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u20ac\u00d1\u2026 \u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00be \u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b0 (\u00ce\u00b4\u00d0\u00b2 = \u201d\u201d29\u00b0),\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b9 \u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00ba\u00d1\u2020\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b8 \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b0,\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u201a \u00d0\u00bf\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00ba\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00b8 \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u0152\u00d1\u02c6\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bb \u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00b8 \u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u20ac\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u0152\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u0192\u00d1\u017d \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u0152.\u00d0\u2014\u00d0\u00b0 8\u00d1\u0081 \u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00be \u00d0\u00bf\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f,\u00d0\u00b2 \u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u201a \u00d0\u00bf\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u2026\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00b2\u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00be \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bc\u00d1\u2039 \u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00be \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b1\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f \u00d1\u0081 \u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b9,\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b2\u00d1\u2039\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u008f \u00d1\u0192\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u0152 \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be-\u00d1\u008d\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u2020\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u0152\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00be \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bf\u00d1\u20ac\u00d1\u008f\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f \u00d1\u2021\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b2 \u00d1\u008d\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b0.\u00d0\u0161\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u20ac \u00d0\u2019\u00d0\u00a1 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bb \u00d0\u00a0\u00d0\u00a3\u00d0\u201d \u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b3\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b9 \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u2039\u00d0\u00b9 \u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bc \u00d0\u00b8 \u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb \u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b4\u00d1\u0192 \u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b1 \u00d1\u0192\u00d1\u2026\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0 2-\u00d0\u00b9 \u00d0\u00ba\u00d1\u20ac\u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00b3.\u00d0\u00a1\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u201a \u00d0\u00b2 \u00d1\u008d\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u201a \u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u201a \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u2026\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00b2\u00d1\u2039\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b5 30\u00d0\u00bc \u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u0152\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be \u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d1\u2020\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u2019\u00d0\u0178\u00d0\u0178 \u00d0\u00b8 \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d0\u00b2\u00d1\u2039\u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b5 55\u00d0\u00bc \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b4 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b9 \u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u0152\u00d1\u017d.\u00d0\u0178\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bd\u00d1\u008f\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u2039\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d1\u008d\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bf\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bc \u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u20ac\u00d1\u2039 \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b5 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b2\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b0\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b8 \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f,\u00d0\u00b8 \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u201a \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8 275\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00bc\/\u00d1\u2021 \u00d1\u0081 \u00d0\u00b2\u00d0\u00b5\u00d1\u20ac\u00d1\u201a\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u0152\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00be\u00d0\u00b9 \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00ba\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u201a\u00d1\u0152\u00d1\u017d \u00d1\u0081\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b6\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d1\u008f Vy = 4\u201d\u201d5\u00d0\u00bc\/\u00d1\u0081 \u00d0\u00bf\u00d1\u20ac\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b7\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bc\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00bb\u00d1\u0081\u00d1\u008f \u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b0 \u00d1\u0192\u00d0\u00b4\u00d0\u00b0\u00d0\u00bb\u00d0\u00b5\u00d0\u00bd\u00d0\u00b8\u00d0\u00b8 470\u00d0\u00bc \u00d0\u00be\u00d1\u201a \u00d0\u2019\u00d0\u0178\u00d0\u0178.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n<p><strong><em>Tommy Lee<\/em><\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Przegl\u0105da\u0142em ostatnio kolejny raz podr\u0119cznik &#8222;\u00d0\u201d\u00d0\u02dc\u00d0\u00d0\u0090\u00d0\u0153\u00d0\u02dc\u00d0\u0161\u00d0\u0090 \u00d0\u0178\u00d0\u017e\u00d0\u203a\u00d0\u2022\u00d0\u00a2\u00d0\u0090 \u00d0\u02dc \u00d0\u0178\u00d0\u02dc\u00d0\u203a\u00d0\u017e\u00d0\u00a2\u00d0\u02dc\u00d0\u00a0\u00d0\u017e\u00d0\u2019\u00d0\u0090\u00d0\u00d0\u02dc\u00d0\u2022 \u00d0\u00a1\u00d0\u0090\u00d0\u0153\u00d0\u017e\u00d0\u203a\u00d0\u2022\u00d0\u00a2\u00d0\u0090 \u00d0\u00a2\u00d1\u0192-154&#8221;, autorstwa\u00d0\u0090. \u00d0\u02dc. \u00d0\u0178\u00d0\u00af\u00d0\u00a2\u00d0\u02dc\u00d0\u00d0\u0090 . Znalaz\u0142em tam ciekawy opis katastrofy lotniczej, s\u0105dz\u0119, \u017ce wykazuj\u0105cy du\u017ce podobie\u0144stwo do oficjalnego przebiegu wydarze\u0144 w Smole\u0144sku. W ksi\u0105\u017cce wskazane jest na wa\u017cn\u0105 cech\u0119 Tu-154 &#8211; silne powi\u0105zanie re\u017cimu pracy silnik\u00f3w z balansem samolotu. 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